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Research ArticleNot peer reviewed

Mining Failure Modes from Agent Trajectories at Scale

Aisha Rahman, Lena Hartwell

Version 1 · 21 October 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pp.2026.0007

Agent developers inspect failed runs by hand, which does not scale beyond a few dozen trajectories. We propose a clustering approach that groups failures by the step at which the trajectory diverges from a successful reference run, and label the clusters with short natural-language descriptions. On 18,000 trajectories from three agent frameworks, the method recovers 83% of failure categories identified by manual analysis and surfaces four categories that were previously unreported.

Abstract PDF 2,065 6901 cited
Research ArticleNot peer reviewed

Prompt-Injection Resilience in Browser-Embedded Assistants

Marcus Tan, Sofia Lindqvist, Lena Hartwell

Version 1 · 2 October 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pp.2026.0006

Assistants embedded in web browsers read page content on the user's behalf, which exposes them to indirect prompt injection: instructions hidden in a page that the assistant mistakes for the user's. We build a test suite of 600 injected pages across seven attack styles and measure three defences: instruction-hierarchy prompting, a classifier that screens page text, and permission gating of sensitive actions. No single defence is sufficient; combining a screening classifier with gating of actions that write or send data lowers attack success from 62% to 4% while preserving 93% of benign task success.

Abstract PDF 912 2880 cited
Research ArticleNot peer reviewed

Tokenizer Effects on Low-Resource Language Adaptation

Oluwaseun Adebayo, Mei Tanaka

Version 1 · 12 September 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pp.2026.0005

Adapting a pretrained model to a low-resource language often begins with extending the tokenizer, yet the choice of extension method is rarely compared. We evaluate five vocabulary-extension strategies on six languages and find that fertility reduction alone does not predict downstream accuracy. Strategies that initialise new embeddings from semantically related tokens consistently outperform random initialisation, at the same training budget.

Abstract PDF 1,890 6032 cited