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PublishingReview ArticlePeer reviewed

A Survey of Evaluation Practices for Language-Model Agents: What is measured, how it is measured, and what is missing

Kofi Mensah, Ingrid Novak, Lena Hartwell

Version 2 · 4 reviewer reports · 22 May 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pb.2026.0003

As language-model agents move from demonstrations to deployments, the way they are evaluated determines which claims can be trusted. We review how agents are evaluated in the literature, organising practice along four axes: the task environment, the success criterion, the treatment of variance, and the reporting of cost. We identify recurring weaknesses: success is often judged by another model without validation, runs are rarely repeated, cost and latency are reported in under a third of studies, and environment versions are seldom pinned. We close with a checklist for evaluation reports and open problems, including measurement of safety-relevant side effects.

Abstract PDF 6,210 2,87011 cited
BooksThesis

Calibration and Uncertainty in Generative Systems

Amélie Roussel

PhD thesis · 224 pages · ISBN 978-0-00-100005-0 · 15 May 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.bk.2026.0005

Doctoral thesis on estimating and communicating uncertainty for text generation. It develops calibration methods for retrieval-augmented systems, studies how users interpret expressed confidence, and proposes evaluation protocols for uncertainty in open-ended outputs.

Read book PDF 1,780 9401 cited
BooksHandbook

Open Research Data in Machine Learning: A handbook

Fatima Zahra El Idrissi, Ravi Menon, Ingrid Novak

1st edition · 186 pages · ISBN 978-0-00-100003-6 · 24 April 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.bk.2026.0003

A step-by-step handbook for sharing datasets, code and models so that others can find, cite and reuse them. It covers licences, documentation, identifiers, repositories, privacy, and long-term preservation, with checklists that can be adopted by labs and venues.

Read book PDF 3,610 1,9303 cited
PublishingResearch ArticlePeer reviewed

Scaling Behaviour of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Across Model Sizes

Priya Venkataraman, Daniel Okafor

Version 2 · 3 reviewer reports · 6 March 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pb.2026.0002

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods adapt large models by updating a small fraction of weights, but most evidence comes from a single model size. We fit scaling curves for low-rank adaptation across six base-model sizes spanning two orders of magnitude and four downstream tasks. The optimal adapter rank grows sub-linearly with model width, and the gap between PEFT and full fine-tuning shrinks as models grow, closing to within 0.6 points at the largest size. A simple rule that sets the rank proportional to the square root of the hidden dimension recovers 96% of the best rank found by grid search. We provide fitted coefficients, discuss threats to validity, and note that results on instruction-following tasks differ from those on classification.

Abstract PDF 3,902 1,5445 cited
PublishingResearch ArticlePeer reviewed

Retrieval-Augmented Tool Selection for Long-Horizon Language Agents: Choosing from thousands of tools without placing them all in the prompt

Lena Hartwell, Tomás Ibarra, Marcus Tan

Version 2 · 4 reviewer reports · 27 February 2026 · 10.xxxx/ctm.pb.2026.0001

Language agents that act through external tools are limited by the size of their prompt: listing hundreds of tool descriptions crowds out the task and degrades accuracy. We study tool selection as a retrieval problem and propose a two-stage selector that (i) retrieves a short list of candidate tools using an embedding of the evolving task state and (ii) lets the model re-rank candidates with a single constrained call. Across a synthetic suite of 4,000 tools and three long-horizon task families, the selector keeps task success within 2.1 points of an oracle that sees only the correct tools, while reducing prompt length by 87%. Ablations show that conditioning retrieval on the task state, rather than on the initial instruction alone, accounts for most of the gain. We discuss failure cases, including tools with overlapping descriptions, and release the evaluation harness.

Abstract PDF 4,821 1,9367 cited